Scenario:
The airline is going to start its operation within next 2 to 3 months, so initially the ticket reservation module and passenger-interface module (the interface which passengers will use on passenger terminals to search and select flights, see fare details, announcements etc.) need to be delivered at the start of airline operations.
Question#1 [Marks: 10+5]:
a) In context of the above scenario, select the appropriate software development process model for this situation; also provide justification for your answer.
b) What might be the implications if this application is assigned to an organization at CMM level-1 (Ad-hoc Level)?
Solution:
RAD & waterfall model:
Rapid Application development (RAD) is an incremental software development process model that emphasizes an extremely short development cycle (anywhere from 60-90 days). The RAD model is a high-speed adaptation of the linear sequential model / Waterfall model. It is usually used for information system
Waterfall Model:

It suggests a systematic, sequential approach to software development that begins at the system level and progresses through the analysis, design, coding, testing, and maintenance.

b) What might be the implications if this application is assigned to an organization at CMM level-1 (Ad-hoc Level)?

Ans:

1. Level 1 – Initial: The software process is characterized as ad hoc and occasionally even chaotic. Few processes are defined, and success depends upon individual effort. By default every organization would be at level 1.

This is a tricky and sensitive application and must be handled carefully and need experience to handle it. So it not suitable to give this application to an organization at CMM-1 level.
Question#2 [Marks 5]:
Consider the following two system constraints:
1. Performance
2. Usability (user friendly interface)
Normally we have a trade-off between these two constraints. In context of the given
Solution:
Performance
I prefer performance because it’s a tricky project and need to be handling carefully as it deals with flight scheduling and weather forecasting. And maintainace is important in this application.
Usability is also important on the customer side because user friendly interface make the use of this application easy for users.

Read the given paragraph carefully and keeping in mind the qualities of Journalistic Writing, answer the questions given at the end of the paragraph.
The misery of superstorm Sandy’s devastation grew as millions along the US East Coast faced life without power or mass transit for days, and huge swaths of New York City remained eerily quiet. The US death toll climbed to at least 48, many of the victims killed by falling trees, and rescue work continued. The storm that made landfall in New Jersey on Monday evening with hurricane force cut power to more than 8.2 million across the East and put the presidential campaign on hold just one week before Election Day. New York was among the hardest hit, with its financial heart closed for a second day. The storm caused the worst damage in the 108-year history of the city’s subway system
“This was a devastating storm, maybe the worst that we have ever experienced,” Bloomberg- City Mayor, New York said. But the full extent of the damage in New Jersey was being revealed as morning arrived. Emergency crews fanned out to rescue hundreds.
The death toll from Sandy in the US included several killed by falling trees. Airlines canceled more than 15,000 flights. New York City’s three major airports remained closed. Some bridges into the city reopened at midday, but most major tunnels and bridges remained closed, as were schools and Broadway theaters. The storm sent a nearly 14-foot surge of seawater, a record, coursing over Lower Manhattan’s seawalls and highways and into low-lying streets. The water inundated tunnels, subway stations and the electrical system that powers Wall Street and sent hospital patients and tourists scrambling for safety. Skyscrapers swayed and creaked in winds that partially toppled a crane 74 stories above Midtown.

Q1- The basic questions that journalists strive to answer when chasing a news story are “who,” “what,” “where,” when,” “why” and “how.” In the light of this statement, select at least three sentences from the given paragraph that come under any three of these question categories (who, what, where etc.)
Note: Only one sentence for one category. (3 Marks)

Q2- Suggest a headline for this story? (2 Marks)

Q3- Read the above paragraph and outline only TWO striking differences that you find between journalistic writing and creative writing. (2 marks)

Q4- What are the unanswered questions or holes in this news story for an interested reader that need follow-up stories on the same issue? Give only three points. (3 marks)

Q5- How would you tell this news story to a friend? Rephrase it in your own words in not more than FIVE lines in a paragraph. (5 Marks)
Solution: Coming soon

Assignment
Consider you want to visit a housing scheme in Lahore for investigation of a robbery case. This housing scheme is developed in a tree like structure and the entire houses are built and connected through the path from Aamir’s house. Only Aamir’s house is connected to the outside road. This housing scheme has paths like a tree edges and houses are arranged in tree like structure. All the houses are built in alphabetical order starting from house owner name as Aamir (as root node). Each house has two successors’ houses means Aamir house is connected to two more houses. These two houses also connected to next houses.The list of the owners of the houses is given as below: Anas, Hassan, Aamir, Usman, Abuzar, Nasir, Saad, Salman, Talha, Ahmad, Ali, Amin, Waqas, Zaid, and Umar. 1. Draw the map of the housing scheme for all the house owners using their names in alphabetical order. The house owner’s names are given in the above list. [Hint] For example, Representation of Ahmad, Anas and Hassan houses. 2. One of the house owners is Mr. Talha faces a problem of robbery. Now you are acting as S.H.O of nearest Police Station and want to go Mr. Talha’s house for investigation. List the order in which houses (nodes) will be visited for using iterative deepening search, depth-limited search with limit 3 and breadth-first search to find Mr. Talha’s House.
Solution:

Use of Alternate Dispute Resolution (ADR) methods is considered to be an effective choice for conflict resolution as compared to litigation or any other competitive means of conflict resolution.
To what extent the ADR methods can be helpful for reducing different types of conflicts in our culture (Pakistani culture); and how can we increase the public awareness in this regard? Discuss and elaborate in a logical way.
Solution:
Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) (also known as external dispute resolution in some countries, such as Australia) includes dispute resolution processes and techniques that act as a means for disagreeing parties to come to an agreement short of litigation. It is a collective term for the ways that parties can settle disputes, with (or without) the help of a third party. Despite historic resistance to ADR by many popular parties and their advocates, ADR has gained widespread acceptance among both the general public and the legal profession in recent years. In fact, some courts now require some parties to resort to ADR of some type, usually mediation, before permitting the parties’ cases to be tried (indeed the European Mediation Directive (2008) expressly contemplates so-called “compulsory” mediation; attendance that is, not settlement at mediation). The rising popularity of ADR can be explained by the increasing caseload of traditional courts, the perception that ADR imposes fewer costs than litigation, a preference for confidentiality, and the desire of some parties to have greater control over the selection of the individual or individuals who will decide their dispute.Some of the senior judiciary in certain jurisdictions (of which England and Wales is one) are strongly in favour of the use of mediation to settle disputes

Types and features

ADR is generally classified into at least four types: negotiation, mediation, collaborative law, and arbitration. (Sometimes a fifth type, conciliation, is included as well, but for present purposes it can be regarded as a form of mediation. See conciliation for further details.) ADR can be used alongside existing legal systems such as sharia courts within common law jurisdictions such as the UK.

Benefits

ADR has been both; increasingly used alongside, and integrated formally, into legal systems internationally in order to capitalise on the typical advantages of ADR over litigation:

• Suitability for multi-party disputes
• Flexibility of procedure – the process is determined and controlled by the parties to the dispute
• Lower costs
• Less complexity (“less is more”)
• Parties choice of neutral third party (and therefore expertise in area of dispute) to direct negotiations/adjudicate
• Likelihood and speed of settlements
• Practical solutions tailored to parties’ interests and needs (not rights and wants,as they may perceive them)
• Durability of agreements
• Confidentiality
• The preservation of relationships; and the preservation of reputations

Pakistan

The relevant laws (or particular provisions) dealing with the ADR are summarised as under:

1. S.89-A of the Civil Procedure Code, 1908 (as amended in 2002) read with Order X Rule 1-A (deals with alternative dispute resolution methods).
2. The Small Claims and Minor Offences Courts Ordinance, 2002.
3. Sections 102–106 of the Local Government Ordinance, 2001.
4. Sections 10 and 12 of the Family Courts Act, 1964.
5. Chapter XXII of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 (summary trial provisions).
6. The Arbitration Act, 1940.
7. Articles 153–154 of the Constitution of Pakistan, 1973 (Council of Common Interest)
8. Article 156 of the Constitution of Pakistan, 1973 (National Economic Council)
9. Article 160 of the Constitution of Pakistan, 1973 (National Finance Commission)
10. Article 184 of the Constitution of Pakistan, 1973 (Original Jurisdiction when federal or provincial governments are at dispute with one another)
11. Arbitration (International Investment Disputes) Act, 2011
12. Recognition and Enforcement (Arbitration Agreements and Foreign Arbitral Awards) Act, 2011

Organization theorists have defined organizational effectiveness (OE) in various ways. OE has been described in terms of objectives (Georgopolous & Tannenbaum, 1957), goals (Etzioni, 1960), efficiency (Katz & Kahn, 1966), resources acquisition (Yuchtman & Seashore, 1967), system resource approach (Price, 1972),employee satisfaction (Cummings, 1977), interdependence (Pfeffer, 1977) and organizational vitality (Colt, 1995). Cameron (1978) mentioned that there was difficulty in empirically assessing organizational effectiveness because no one ultimate criterion existed, later on, Coulter (2002) remarked, that there is little consensus on how to conceptualize, measure, or explain OE. Researchers are now moving away from a single model and are taking contingency approaches to conceptualize OE (Cameron, 1996; Wernerfelt, 1998; Yetley 2001). However they are still limiting themselves to examine the impact of dominant constituencies served and the organization’s life cycle on OE instead of taking a broader, more dynamic approach (Dahl, 2001, p.25).
What type of literature review has been conducted in given case? Support answer with logic.
Solution:
The type of review used in this case I theoretical review because different theorists are comparatively addressing an issue of OE. In this case the researcher is describing the same thing of organizational effectiveness in terms of objectives, efficiency, resources acquisition, system resource approach, employee satisfaction, interdependence & organizational vitality with reference to different theorists.

Later Cameron, Coulter & others including Wernerfelt, Yetley are seemed to be more focused to examine the consistency of predictions about OE with findings, logical consistency & scope of explanation by describing OE as:

• to access empirically concepts of OE
• Little consensus how to conceptualize, measure or to explain it.
• Contingency approaches to explain it.

In first phase of this case the theorists are more focused to describe the concept of OE in different ways by using the theoretical review of literature review. In second phase the late theorists are explaining the concept of OE by using this type of review but are examining the predictions about OE that it is difficult to empirically assess the OE, Coulter remarked there is no particular consensus to conceptualize, measure or explain OE, contingency approaches should be used to explain OE by Cameron, Wernerfelt, Yetley.

Today’s organizations are facing stiff competition due to rapidly changing trends, unending advancements in technology and above all the knowledgeable customers. On the other hand profitability is the basic and utmost requirement of an organization to survive in such a highly competitive and turbulent environment.
In some situations, it becomes very difficult for organizations to create a balance between the ethical practices and profitability. In your opinion how is it possible for an organization to continue business maintaining a good balance between the profitability and ethics?
Solution:

Are you ready for a starting your own business? If the answer is Yes, then the next step is to find the most suitable route to start your own business. As mentioned in many text books, there are four possible routes to start your own business which are mentioned below:

1. Establish your own business
2. Buy a running business
3. Buy a franchised business
4. Enter into a family business

It’s a common perception that establishing own business or buying a running business involve more risk as compared to buying a franchised business or entering into a family business. Similarly, within franchised business and family business, entering a family business is considered as an easy and less risky route. To certain extent this perception is endorsed with advantages associated with family business. For instance, the already established business does not require to build the infrastructure of the business, field is already set, all resources including men, machines, money and martial are already in motion and family support and family guidance is an additional advantage in the initial days of  business. It seems an ideal situation for young entrepreneurs but there could be some possible problems associated with family business.
Point of discussion
Let us assume that you are sitting in a friend’s meeting where everyone is motivating you to join family business where as you do not want to join family business for certain reasons. What possible points you will discuss with your friends to convey all the possible risks associated with entering into a family business?
Solution:
The interests of a family member may not be aligned with the interest of the business. For example, if a family member wants to be president but is not as competent as a non-family member, the personal interest of the family member and the well being of the business may be in conflict.
Or, the interests of the entire family may not be balanced with the interests of their business. For example, if a family needs its business to distribute funds for living expenses and retirement but the business requires those to stay competitive, the interests of the entire family and the business are not aligned.
Finally, the interest of one family member may not be aligned with another family member. For example, a family member who is an owner may want to sell the business to maximize their return, but a family member who is an owner and also a manager may want to keep the company because it represents their career and they want their children to have the opportunity to work in the company.

10 Key Family Business Issues

Do you believe that organizational mission statement and official goals provide an organization with genuine legitimacy in external environment? Discuss
Solution:
One important function of a mission statement is to state the reason for the existence of the organization which provides outsiders with a sense of the organization’s purpose. Official goals identify the purpose and legitimize the organization for employees, clients, government and other important external groups. Official goals typically are abstract and therefore run the risk of being perceived by some outsiders as “apple pie” statements that sound good but do little to shape the actual organization. Official goals are in harmony with the mission and provide a rationale or reason for the organization to exist. Many students comment that such statements offer genuine legitimacy only to the extent that they actually go beyond “public relations” to guide decision making. Therefore, the genuine legitimacy provided may come more from the overall implementation of the mission along with the organization’s goals and strategies than from the piece of paper on which the mission is written for outsiders to read.

Part (A):
Calculate physical address of the following segment offset pairs. Explain each and every step for calculating the physical address.                                  (Calculation:3 marks, Explanation:2 marks)

1. 2C3E:0199
2. 8000:0250

Part (B):
Assemble the given program using NASM.
(5 marks)
ORG 0100H
MOV AX,5H
ADD AX,44ABH
MOV BX,10
ADD AX,BX
SUB AX,0F12H
MOV BX,15
ADD AX,BX
MOV AX,0X4C00
INT 0X21
solution of part B:

1. Now we execute the program with F2 key (instruction will move one by one) and write down the contents of the specified registers in the given table.

Question No. 2:
Now after attempting previous question, You are able to write, assemble and debug a program. So write a program using Conditional Jump instructions that will add all odd numbers between 1 to 20 (not including 1 & 20). Explain each instruction of program in your own words and also attach the snapshot of your AFD showing the executed code results.
(Program:5 marks, Explanation: 3 marks & Snapshot: 2 marks)
Note: Provide snapshot of your program which will be run in AFD window. It is strictly prohibited the copied assignment.

Question 1 [5 Marks]
Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) is an access method used with the Ethernet.
Discuss how CSMA/CD will work with an Ethernet switch when 10baseT is implemented in some network. How
collisions are managed by an Ethernet switch?
Solution:

10-Mbps Ethernet-10Base-T

10Base-T provides Manchester-encoded 10-Mbps bit-serial communication over two unshielded twisted-pair cables. Although the standard was designed to support transmission over common telephone cable, the more typical link configuration is to use two pair of a four-pair Category 3 or 5 cable, terminated at each NIC with an 8-pin RJ-45 connector (the MDI), as shown in Figure: The Typical 10Base-T Link Is a Four-Pair UTP Cable in Which Two Pairs Are Not Used pair is configured as a simplex link where transmission is in one direction only, the 10Base-T physical layers can support either half-duplex or full-duplex operation.

Figure: The Typical 10Base-T Link Is a Four-Pair UTP Cable in Which Two Pairs Are Not Used

Although 10Base-T may be considered essentially obsolete in some circles, it is included here because there are still many 10Base-T Ethernet networks, and because full-duplex operation has given 10BaseT an extended life.
10Base-T was also the first Ethernet version to include a link integrity test to determine the health of the link. Immediately after powerup, the PMA transmits a normal link pulse (NLP) to tell the NIC at the other end of the link that this NIC wants to establish an active link connection:

• If the NIC at the other end of the link is also powered up, it responds with its own NLP.
• If the NIC at the other end of the link is not powered up, this NIC continues sending an NLP about once every 16 ms until it receives a response.

The link is activated only after both NICs are capable of exchanging valid NLPs.
Ethernet Collision Management
In 10BASE-T networks, typically the central point of the network segment was a hub. This created a shared media. Because the media is shared, only one station could successfully transmit at a time. This type of connection is described as a half-duplex communication. As more devices were added to an Ethernet network, the amount of frame collisions increased significantly. During periods of low communications activity, the few collisions that occur are managed by CSMA/CD, with little or no impact on performance. As the number of devices and subsequent data traffic increase, however, the rise in collisions can have a significant impact on the user’s experience. A good analogy is when we leave for work or school early in the morning, the roads are relatively clear and not congested. Later when more cars are on the roads, there can be collisions and traffic slows down.

Question 2 [10 Marks]
Given the two polynomials x9+x7+x4+x3+x2+x and x3+x+1. Consider 1st polynomial as dividend and 2nd as
divisor. You are required to perform the following tasks:
· Convert both polynomials into binary equivalents.
· CRC will consist of how many bits, mention.
· Find the CRC value of these binary equivalents with each step written in your solution.
Solution:
 Soon..............

Write a C-language program that shall find the size of the two attached files (abc.txt, xyz.txt) using interrupts. Sample output of the desired program is shown in the form of snapshots on Page-2.

Submission
You are required to submit two files in Zip format through LMS:

• Your C-language program (.c file).
• An MS Word document having screen shots of your program execution…showing your own ID displayed as given on Page-2.

Hint: The desired task can easily be achieved by modifying “Get the file size Program” given in your handouts at page # 19.
This Snapshot was taken after program execution. It shows how your output shall look like. (BC00123456 is sample ID that I have used; you shall display your own ID).
 Solution:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<fcntl.h>
#include<io.h>
#include<BIOS.H>
#include<DOS.H>
unsigned int handle;
void main()
{
union REGS regs;
unsigned long int size;
handle = open (“c:\\abc.txt”,O_RDONLY);
regs.x.bx = handle;
regs.x.bx =handle;
regs.h.ah = 0×42;
regs.h.al = 0×02;
regs.x.cx = 0;
regs.x.dx = 0;
int86(0×21, &regs, &regs);
*((int*)(&size)) = regs.x.ax;
*(((int*)(&size))+1) = regs.x.dx;
printf(“\nname” );
printf(“\nabc file is %d”, size);
}

G&B, a large manufacturing company, is facing a dilemma. Here, actually, all the decisions are made and communicated with the approval of top management. The purpose of developing such organizational setup was to make all information available to the top management all the time. But it has been resulting in delays, like Operations Department personnel have to wait for approval of a decision for at least two days; and they cannot take even a minor decision on their own as it is against the company policy. The business situation has been worsening, employees are losing confidence, sales are falling and numerous problems have aggravated to the extent that the company is now close to shut down. As an OD practitioner which ONE of the three consulting models (‘Doctor-Patient’, ‘Process Consultation’ and ‘Purchase of Expertise’) would you practice at G&B? Discuss your choice with appropriate reasoning.
Solution:
Process Consultation model should be used.
Process consulting is a powerful tool which is used to enhance group effectiveness, shorten meeting times, and address conflict. It helps teams to work together more effectively, and its effects can last long after the consultant has departed.
The benefits of process consulting are usually:

• Shorter meetings.
• More productive meetings.
• Better decisions.
• Increased feelings of participation or potency.
• Greater satisfaction with the team or meetings.

Process consulting is carefully intervening in a group or team to help it to accomplish its goals. The consultant does not try to help the team as an expert; instead, the consultant helps the team to help itself.
These skills used in process work are quite different from those used in “expertise-based” consulting, because the consultant must:

• concentrate on the way the team works, rather than what it is working on.
• stay silent even when issues s/he knows or cares about are discussed.
• ask questions instead of offering expert advice.
• help the team solve its own problems.
• not make value judgements or deal with content issues.
• understand group dynamics, conflict resolution, and manager/leader development.

Process consulting also requires a client who is aware of their problems, and who is willing to listen and change some habits if needed. In some ways, process consulting is as difficult for the client as it is for the consultant, because they must put aside any natural defensiveness and temporarily yield their authority in some ways. However, the rewards far outweigh the efforts and risks.
Overall, process consulting is an invaluable but underused service which requires an experienced consultant.

A major shift has been observed in the education sector of Pakistan. More and more universities and the educational institutes are investing on their faculty to pursue research in their respective fields. This will ultimately result into a change in this sector.
Discuss with logical arguments, whether this change will be first order or second order in nature for the institutions.
Solution:
Soon

Question # 01:                                                                                        05             
Find the equation for circle with center (1,3) that passes through (4, -1).
   
Sol.

Radius of circle r is the distance between (4, -1) and (1, 3)



Question # 02:                                                                                        05
Given that . Find . Also find the domains of the composite functions. 
Sol.

fog(x) = f ( g(x) )
            
             =  ( g(x) )² – 4
            
              =  x-2- 4
              =  x-6

gof(x) =  g( f(x) )
Question # 03:                                                                                        05
Find . (Use rationalization technique to simplify)
Hint: (How to rationalize)
Rationalize the numerator of the expression .
Step I: find the conjugate of the numerator which is and vice versa.
Step II: multiply  the numerator and the denominator of the expression with the conjugate
Step III: make sure all the radicals are simplified
Step IV: simplify the fraction if needed.
In the same manner we can rationalize denominator too.
Sol. 

Ahmad is an adolescent who is very sensitive and get easily attached to things and people around. Since childhood, he seeks his happiness in relationships and other objects in the society. Ahmad’s best friend was Ali. Both were very close to each other and shared everything in their lives. One day, Ahmad’s parents had a fight and they got separated. This nearly devastated Ahmad and he got severely stressed with the situation. When Ali’s parents knew about this, they stopped their son to see Ahmed anymore until his situation stables out. When Ahmad called Ali to share his stressful situation with his best friend, he disconnected the call and left a message that he no more needs him. His parents have refused to have friendship with him until the things are on track again.
Ahmed felt like catastrophic and so inferior. His stress level increased and he felt so alone in this crowded world of selfish people. His expectations and image about his friend faded away. He developed negative feelings about himself and his family. It was apparent now that Ahmad was completely ignored due to all these family and social problems.
As a Human Relations student, how would you analyze the relationship between Stress and Ahmed’s personality? What appropriate solutions can be devised to manage stress for this adolescent?
Solution:
Write your own GDB with the below material and relate to Ahmad.

What Is Stress?

Stress is your body’s way of responding to any kind of demand. It can be caused by both good and bad experiences. When people feel stressed by something going on around them, their bodies react by releasing chemicals into the blood. These chemicals give people more energy and strength, which can be a good thing if their stress is caused by physical danger. But this can also be a bad thing, if their stress is in response to something emotional and there is no outlet for this extra energy and strength. This class will discuss different causes of stress, how stress affects you, the difference between ‘good’ or ‘positive’ stress and ‘bad’ or ‘negative’ stress, and some common facts about how stress affects people today.

What Causes Stress?

Many different things can cause stress — from physical (such as fear of something dangerous) to emotional (such as worry over your family or job.) Identifying what may be causing you stress is often the first step in learning how to better deal with your stress. Some of the most common sources of stress are:
Survival Stress - You may have heard the phrase “fight or flight” before. This is a common response to danger in all people and animals. When you are afraid that someone or something may physically hurt you, your body naturally responds with a burst of energy so that you will be better able to survive the dangerous situation (fight) or escape it all together (flight). This is survival stress.
Internal Stress - Have you ever caught yourself worrying about things you can do nothing about or worrying for no reason at all? This is internal stress and it is one of the most important kinds of stress to understand and manage. Internal stress is when people make themselves stressed. This often happens when we worry about things we can’t control or put ourselves in situations we know will cause us stress. Some people become addicted to the kind of hurried, tense, lifestyle that results from being under stress. They even look for stressful situations and feel stress about things that aren’t stressful.
Environmental Stress - This is a response to things around you that cause stress, such as noise, crowding, and pressure from work or family. Identifying these environmental stresses and learning to avoid them or deal with them will help lower your stress level.
Fatigue and Overwork - This kind of stress builds up over a long time and can take a hard toll on your body. It can be caused by working too much or too hard at your job(s), school, or home. It can also be caused by not knowing how to manage your time well or how to take time out for rest and relaxation. This can be one of the hardest kinds of stress to avoid because many people feel this is out of their control. Later in this course we will show you that you DO have options and offer some useful tips for dealing with fatigue.

How Does Stress Affect You?

Stress can affect both your body and your mind. People under large amounts of stress can become tired, sick, and unable to concentrate or think clearly. Sometimes, they even suffer mental breakdowns.

Stress management strategy #1: Avoid unnecessary stress

Not all stress can be avoided, and it’s not healthy to avoid a situation that needs to be addressed. You may be surprised, however, by the number of stressors in your life that you can eliminate.

• Learn how to say “no” – Know your limits and stick to them. Whether in your personal or professional life, refuse to accept added responsibilities when you’re close to reaching them. Taking on more than you can handle is a surefire recipe for stress.
• Avoid people who stress you out – If someone consistently causes stress in your life and you can’t turn the relationship around, limit the amount of time you spend with that person or end the relationship entirely.
• Take control of your environment – If the evening news makes you anxious, turn the TV off. If traffic’s got you tense, take a longer but less-traveled route. If going to the market is an unpleasant chore, do your grocery shopping online.
• Avoid hot-button topics – If you get upset over religion or politics, cross them off your conversation list. If you repeatedly argue about the same subject with the same people, stop bringing it up or excuse yourself when it’s the topic of discussion.
• Pare down your to-do list – Analyze your schedule, responsibilities, and daily tasks. If you’ve got too much on your plate, distinguish between the “shoulds” and the “musts.” Drop tasks that aren’t truly necessary to the bottom of the list or eliminate them entirely.

Stress management strategy #2: Alter the situation

If you can’t avoid a stressful situation, try to alter it. Figure out what you can do to change things so the problem doesn’t present itself in the future. Often, this involves changing the way you communicate and operate in your daily life.

• Express your feelings instead of bottling them up. If something or someone is bothering you, communicate your concerns in an open and respectful way. If you don’t voice your feelings, resentment will build and the situation will likely remain the same.
• Be willing to compromise. When you ask someone to change their behavior, be willing to do the same. If you both are willing to bend at least a little, you’ll have a good chance of finding a happy middle ground.
• Be more assertive. Don’t take a backseat in your own life. Deal with problems head on, doing your best to anticipate and prevent them. If you’ve got an exam to study for and your chatty roommate just got home, say up front that you only have five minutes to talk.
• Manage your time better. Poor time management can cause a lot of stress. When you’re stretched too thin and running behind, it’s hard to stay calm and focused. But if you plan ahead and make sure you don’t overextend yourself, you can alter the amount of stress you’re under.

Stress management strategy #3: Adapt to the stressor

If you can’t change the stressor, change yourself. You can adapt to stressful situations and regain your sense of control by changing your expectations and attitude.

• Reframe problems. Try to view stressful situations from a more positive perspective. Rather than fuming about a traffic jam, look at it as an opportunity to pause and regroup, listen to your favorite radio station, or enjoy some alone time.
• Look at the big picture. Take perspective of the stressful situation. Ask yourself how important it will be in the long run. Will it matter in a month? A year? Is it really worth getting upset over? If the answer is no, focus your time and energy elsewhere.
• Adjust your standards. Perfectionism is a major source of avoidable stress. Stop setting yourself up for failure by demanding perfection. Set reasonable standards for yourself and others, and learn to be okay with “good enough.”
• Focus on the positive. When stress is getting you down, take a moment to reflect on all the things you appreciate in your life, including your own positive qualities and gifts. This simple strategy can help you keep things in perspective.

Stress management strategy #4: Accept the things you can’t change

Some sources of stress are unavoidable. You can’t prevent or change stressors such as the death of a loved one, a serious illness, or a national recession. In such cases, the best way to cope with stress is to accept things as they are. Acceptance may be difficult, but in the long run, it’s easier than railing against a situation you can’t change.

• Don’t try to control the uncontrollable. Many things in life are beyond our control— particularly the behavior of other people. Rather than stressing out over them, focus on the things you can control such as the way you choose to react to problems.
• Look for the upside. As the saying goes, “What doesn’t kill us makes us stronger.” When facing major challenges, try to look at them as opportunities for personal growth. If your own poor choices contributed to a stressful situation, reflect on them and learn from your mistakes.
• Share your feelings. Talk to a trusted friend or make an appointment with a therapist. Expressing what you’re going through can be very cathartic, even if there’s nothing you can do to alter the stressful situation.
• Learn to forgive. Accept the fact that we live in an imperfect world and that people make mistakes. Let go of anger and resentments. Free yourself from negative energy by forgiving and moving on.

Stress management strategy #5: Make time for fun and relaxation

Beyond a take-charge approach and a positive attitude, you can reduce stress in your life by nurturing yourself. If you regularly make time for fun and relaxation, you’ll be in a better place to handle life’s stressors when they inevitably come.

Scenario:                                                                    (Marks 20)
Mr. Usman was the chairman of AL-Mateen (Pvt) Ltd. that dealt in educational products like books, school uniforms and other related items. Mr. Ali was the project director at AL-Mateen (Pvt) Ltd. He had 15 years of experience in the related field but he was not very happy with the authoritative style of Mr. Usman.  Although Mr. Usman had no experience in this field but he considered poking his nose in all matters as his prime responsibility because he had invested a large amount of money in this company.
Mr. Usman hired Uzma as a receptionist because she was a confident and smart lady and was one of his friend’s relative. Mr. Ali opposed his decision and said, “We don’t need a female at this post as this job requires lot of communication with male clients”. In-spite of his opposition Mr. Usman hired Uzma. It was her first job and she was not showing professional behavior at job. But on the other hand, Mr. Ali never gave her any guideline about dealing with customers and other related matters.
After 6 weeks Mr. Usman went to Malaysia to spend vacation with family and Mr. Ali was assigned the additional duties as acting chairman in his absence for 15 days. During these 15 days Mr. Ali terminated Uzma and hired Mr. Shahbaz who had recently completed his graduation. While explaining the reasons of Uzma’s termination he said that most of the time she was away from her seat and found to be busy in gossiping with other employees that resulted in unattended calls of clients. He said, “I visited her twice in a week and found her away from her seat”. But he emphasized more that her termination was inevitable because of her poor communication skills which led to loss of 2 major clients.
When Mr. Usman came to know about his action, he became infuriated and accused him that he is biased and was basically against hiring of a female. Usman was of the view that Uzma should be given warning and some instructions first and after that she should be fired. “The loss of 2 clients was the result of delayed response from marketing department, he further added.
Requirement
Keeping in mind the above scenario, what is your opinion about the action of Mr. Ali? Was he justified in firing Miss Uzma or was it just because of his perceptual biasness? Give logical reasons to support your answer.
Solution:
MR Ali is not on the ethical and moral side of terminating an employee from the job, as it is obvious from the job that Miss Uzma is new in the field and she is working hard, but she was not provided with the proper guidelines, and charges impose on her are totally based on personal biasness and gender inequality,I suggest that this action of Mr Ali is based on injustice and against the business and moral ethics against the rights of an employee.
For managers to be effective it is critical that they understand employee needs and motivators. One of the best ways for managers to understand the underlying emotions and goals that drive employee behavior is to create clear and open channels of communication with employees. Whether they speak with individuals, teams or entire divisions, a manager who understands and reacts to employee psychology can help create a work environment conducive to productivity.
It is obvious that this decision is not based on the reasoning and evidence, he just make assumptions and draw conclusion that she is not fit for the job, as this is shown that Mr ali is suffering from cognitive biasness of conservatism ,as his views are female are not good in communication , on this perception he never accept her as his employee and after few time terminate him by giving irrelevant and irrational behavior ,which has no proper grounds to terminate a employee just because of perception and biasness.

In our daily life, people are evaluated by the type of clothes they wear, accessories they carry, and whatever they select to represent themselves. There are not only different forms of attire, ornaments and outfits for different occasions, but also there are various forms of attire that one wears to represent one’s identity.
“Artifacts” are a type of nonverbal language that is often used to communicate information about oneself. Artifacts are objects, often clothes, jewelry, pictures, and trinkets, which express one’s interests, hobbies, status or lifestyle.
Discuss the significance of artifacts attached with different professions by giving at least two examples that how people having different line of work use specific artifacts during their job hours?

Solution:
There are a lot of careers out there that you can choose from, each with its own set perks. Project managers uses Tools which can facilitate the creation and maintenance of project artifacts (e.g. project schedule) and especially good at complex analysis (e.g. Earned Value Management).  But what makes Fashion Designing popular with most individuals nowadays. Aside from the fact the fashion is taking over our daily outfits, the growing interest in the field is indeed very palpable.
This career allows you to be widely creative and it encourages you to push boundaries and tread unfamiliar design ideas.
Fashion design can give you the opportunity to make a good profitable and maybe even a famous business, if you happen to come up with a successful clothing line. You get to put your own personal blend into the work you do. This means that whether you are working for a brand, or starting your own, you get to personalize that outfit by injecting your own creative idea.

Q1:      Place the correct type of Communication Barrier against each Example given below.  10
Types of Communication Barriers
1.         Psychological
2.         Emotional
3.         Perceptional
4.         Physical
5.         Values, Attitudes 
6.         Semantic
 Solution:

Sr. No	Examples	Communication Barriers
1	When the teacher uses very difficult or unfamiliar words the students may not comprehend them.	Semantic
2	Communication fails if there are hasty judgments, refusal to listen to a problem, distraction, acceptance of words literally, fear of criticism, day dreaming, impatience, etc.	Emotional
3	The undesirable sound such as that arising out of dragging a table orsneezing or banging of the door or the window panes or creaking of the door or the fan etc. can pose a distraction.	Physical
4	People, who suffer from ailments such as anxiety and depression, tend to misunderstand what is being said about them.	Physical
5	A speaker may also ruin her credibility with listeners with defensivebehavior: instead of accepting new information or that she was incorrect; she may justify a mistake or refuse to admit it altogether.	Attitude
6	Seeing things through the lens of our own unique life experiences may lead to assumptions, stereotyping and misunderstandings of others whose experiences differ from our own.	Perception
7	The audience fails to get the intended meaning if the words or expressions used are too complicated or uncommon.	Semantic
8	In case of written communication illegible writing or bad photocopies lead to miscommunication.	Physical
9	When a listener is fearful that she won’t understand what’s being said, she tends to shutdown and stop listening as a defense mechanism for future mistakes.	Psychological
10	If you are experiencing a high level of stress, you may be unable to adequately communicate your own needs or to really hear what another person is saying	Values, Attitude

Q4: Explain the points 1,2,3,4 in the following diagram with reference to ‘Flow of Communication’.  5
Point 1
This is a downward flow of communication. In the organization decision are made by the top management then these decisions are communicated to the lower management ,then this management makes further downward communication to the low level of management then they further communicated to the supervisors , this is the whole process of downward communication . In this specific instant the president is message is comminuted to the vice president accounting this is downward communication because message is communicated from the top management to the middle management.
Point 2
At this point up ward flow of communication is made middle management to top management, to make decisions president needs information or feedback from the employees, middle management, in upward flow communication is started from supervisors to the top management, supervisor report to low level management, low level to middle level to top level which is the president or CEO or board of Directors.
Point 3
At this point horizontal flow takes place .In order to perform a job, duty, or for the preparation of meetings and to corporate on important issue, communication on the same level .in this hierarchy vice president production communicating to vice president marketing for some cooperation or discussing a issue may b exchange of ideas for launching new product in market. At this communication is taking place at middle level.
Point 4
At this point upward flow of communication is taking place a head (supervisor) of department B of Accounting is communicating to vice president Marketing regarding some issue may b availability of funds for new advertise campaign.

Pakistan is an agricultural based economy. Most of our industries, export earnings and employments are interrelated to agricultural sector. According to facts and figures, about 25% of Pakistan’s total land area is under cultivation, agricultural sector accounts for 23% of GDP and employs about 47% of total labor force. In other words, we can say Pakistan’s agricultural industry is the main pillar of economy. In Pakistan, direction of the economy mainly depends on crops production while crops depend on many factors like rains, pesticides, fertilizers, availability of water, energy, subsides and economic policies. Our main crops are cotton, rice, sugarcane and wheat.  Pakistan is expecting a bumper cotton and sugarcane crops this year. According to a report, sugarcane output during this year would be 60-62 million tonnes against 58 million tonnes of last year while cotton crop would be 13-14 million tonnes this year against 10 million tonnes of last year. There are many factors involved to encourage the farmers to cultivate the sugar cane and cotton crops in a large area like, support price announced by the government, timely rains, use of biotech, application of enough pesticides and fertilizers. Furthermore, delayed monsoon in Sindh and in some parts of Punjab province have been good for maturing the cotton crops. According to global scenario, estimates of cotton and sugarcane productions are little bit different. Particularly, output of cotton is higher than previous years while sugarcane production is set to decline by 5%.
Requirement:
Keeping in view the above scenario, analyze the effect of heavy bumper crops of cotton and sugarcane on the components of Gross domestic product (GDP) of Pakistan.
Solution:
With increased production of cotton and sugarcane, the demand is bound to decrease. However, global estimates for both crops were lower production for sugarcane however higher production for cotton as compared to last year. So, we will be able to export both crops, but the demand for cotton will be relatively lower as compared to the demand for sugarcane. Therefore, cotton production will have an adverse effect on our GDP, since even if we send it to regions with extremely low cotton produce, due to lowered demand the profit margin will be relatively small. As for our sugarcane crop, if we export that, we could keep a wide profit margin, since the demand for sugarcane will be pretty high due to reduced global production.